Current Situation and Influencing Factors of Delay in Seeking Medical Treatment Among Residents in Rural Areas of Sichuan Province / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To understand the current situation and explore the influencing factors of delay in seeking medical treatment for common symptoms of residents in the rural areas of Sichuan province. Methods In July 2019,multi-stage random sampling was carried out in Zigong city,Sichuan province,and the data were collected by face-to-face questionnaire interview.The residents who had lived at hometown for more than half a year in the past year and had seen a doctor in the most recent month were surveyed.Logistic regression was adopted to predict the influencing factors of delay in seeking medical treatment. Results A total of 342 subjects were enrolled,and the incidence of delay in seeking medical treatment was 13.45%(46/342).Compared with the young and middle-aged(<65 years)people,the elderly(≥65 years)people were more likely to have delay in seeking medical treatment (OR=2.187,95%CI=1.074-4.457,P=0.031).The rural residents who gave higher score of the overall quality of township health centers were less likely to have delay in seeking medical treatment (OR=0.854,95%CI=0.735-0.992,P=0.039). Conclusions The occurrence of delay in seeking medical treatment for common symptoms of rural residents in Sichuan province is low.Age and the overall quality evaluation of township health centers affect the occurrence of delay in medical treatment among the rural residents in Sichuan province.Efforts should be made to improve the awareness of disease prevention among the elderly in rural areas.The investment in health resources in township health centers should be increased to strengthen the introduction and training of talents.These measures can improve the health services in township health centers,guide residents to make timely use of health resources,and reduce the occurrence of delay in seeking medical treatment.

Mechanism of BCL2L2-PABPN1 expression induced by sodium arsenite and its metabolites in 16HBE cells / 中国职业医学

@#Objective - - （BCL2L2）- （ ） To investigate the differential expression of the fusion gene BCL 2 like protein 2 poly A （PABPN1） （ ） binding protein nuclear 1 induced by sodium arsenite SA and its methylated metabolites in 16HBE cells and the Methods ） ， related mechanism. i The 16HBE cells exposed to SA at concentrations of 1.5 3.0 and 4.5 µmol/L were set as -， - - low medium and high dose arsenic exposure groups. The 16HBE cells exposed to 4.5 µmol/L monomethylarsonic acid （ ）， （ ） ， MMA dimethylarsonic acid DMA and SA were set as MMA group DMA group and SA group. The 16HBE cells without ， BCL2L2-PABPN1 toxic stimulation were set as control group. After the cells were cultured for 48 hours the expression of was - （ - ） ） （ ） detected by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction qRT PCR . ii Two small interfering RNA siRNA silencing 基金项目：国家自然科学基金（ ）； 年云南省科技厅昆明医科大学应用基础研究联合专项面上项目 82160607 2021 （ ） 202101AY070001-054 作者简介：施雅（ —），女，在读大学本科生，主要从事劳动卫生与环境卫生学研究；尹锦瑶（ —），女，在读劳动卫生与环境卫 2001 1995 生学硕士研究生，主要从事劳动卫生与环境卫生学研究；施雅和尹锦瑶为共同第一作者 通讯作者：何越峰教授，博士研究生导师，- ： E mail heyuefeng@kmmu.edu.cn中国职业医学 年 月第 卷第 期 ， ， ， · · 2022 10 49 5 Chin Occup Med October 2022 Vol.49 No.5 523 BCL2L2-PABPN1， - fragments were designed and transfected into 16HBE cells to knockdown which were set as siRNA 1 group - - BCL2L2-PABPN1 and siRNA 2 group. Non transfected control group without knockdown of transfection was set up. After ， BCL2L2-PABPN1 - culturing for 48 hours the expression level of in the three groups of cells was detected by qRT PCR. The cell - survival rate and early apoptosis rate were detected by MTS method and JC 1 mitochondrial membrane potential detection ， （ ） ， method respectively. The apoptosis was detected by Hoechest33342/propidium iodide PI double staining and the expression - Results ） level of P53 signaling pathway related proteins was detected by Western blotting. i The relative expression of BCL2L2-PABPN1 （P ） BCL2L2- in 16HBE cells increased with the increasing SA doses <0.01 . The relative expression of PABPN1 - ， - - in high dose arsenic exposure was higher than that in control group low dose and medium dose arsenic exposure （ P ） BCL2L2-PABPN1 ， groups all <0.05 . The relative expression of in SA group was higher than those in control group MMA （ P ） BCL2L2-PABPN1 group and DMA group all <0.05 . The relative expression of showed no significant difference between ， （ P ） ） BCL2L2-PABPN1 control group MMA group and DMA group all >0.05 . ii The relative expression levels of and cell - - - （ P ） survival rate in siRNA 1 group and siRNA 2 group were lower than those in non transfected control group all <0.05 . ， （P ） However there was no significant difference in the early apoptosis rate among the three groups >0.05 . The results of - Hoechest33342/PI double staining showed that the number of nuclear shrinkage and early apoptotic cells in siRNA 1 group and - - ， - siRNA 2 group was higher than that in non transfected control group. The relative protein expression levels of P53 phospho ， - - ， - - （ P ） p53 BCL 2 associated death promoter P21 and cytochrome C in siRNA 1 group and siRNA 2 group were higher all <0.05 , - - P and the relative protein expression levels of P53 up regulated modulator of apoptosis were lower (all <0.05), when compared - Conclusion with the non transfected control group. SA may block the apoptosis of 16HBE cells by inducing the expression of BCL2L2-PABPN1 fusion gene . The mechanism may be related to the activation of P53 signaling pathway. The SA methylated BCL2L2-PABPN1 BCL2L2-PABPN1 - metabolites MMD and DMA had no effect on the expression of . may affect anti apoptosis BCL2L2 PABPN1 through affecting the synergistic effect of and genes.

Association of Dietary Diversity with Growth and Development of Children in Multi-ethnic Rural Areas of Sichuan Province / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To understand the growth and dietary diversity status of children in multi-ethnic areas of Sichuan province,and to explore the associations of dietary diversity with growth and development indicators. Methods Children of 18-36 months old and their primary caregivers were selected with multi-stage cluster random sampling method from rural areas of Han,Tibetan,and Yi ethnic groups in Sichuan province. The sociodemographic information of children and their caregivers was collected using self-designed questionnaire.The dietary diversity score(DDS)was calculated according to the criteria in the Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity released by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.The body height(length)and body weight of each child were measured by standard equipment for anthropological measurement,and the height for age Z score(HAZ),weight for age Z score(WAZ),and weight for height Z score(WHZ) were calculated.Multivariate linear regression was performed to analyze the relationship between dietary diversity and growth indicators of children. Results A total of 1092 children were enrolled in this study,and the prevalence of stunting(HAZ<-2),underweight(WAZ<-2),and wasting(WHZ<-2)was 21.1%,4.9%,and 2.5%,respectively.The children had the mean DDS of 4.8±1.7,and 45.3% of children had poor dietary diversity(DDS≤4).The children of Han ethnic group(5.8±1.4)had higher DDS than those of Tibetan ethnic group(4.9±1.6)and Yi ethnic group(3.9±1.6)(P<0.001).The results of multivariate linear regression indicated that DDS was positively correlated with HAZ(β=0.206,95%CI=0.158-0.254,P<0.001)after adjustment of sex,age,birth weight,preterm birth,and parental body height.After further adjustment of family fixed assets,ethnic group,caregiver's type,and caregiver's education background,the correlation between DDS and HAZ remained significant(β=0.077,95%CI=0.026-0.128, P=0.003). Conclusions The children in the multi-ethnic rural areas of Sichuan province showed troublesome growth and development status and low dietary diversity,which were conspicuously different between ethnic groups,especially in the rural areas of Yi ethnic group.The dietary diversity was positively associated with HAZ.It is recommended to carry out nutrition and health education according to the local dietary characteristics and thus improve the growth and development of children in multi-ethnic rural areas in Sichuan.

Evaluation of Accuracy and Influencing Factors for Diagnosis of Two Chronic Diseases by Primary Healthcare Providers in Sichuan Rural Areas Based on Standardized Patients / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective We used standardized patients to evaluate the accuracy and explore the influencing factors of the diagnosis of unstable angina pectoris and type 2 diabetes by primary healthcare providers in Sichuan rural areas,aiming to provide a scientific basis for improving the diagnosis accuracy of primary healthcare providers for the two chronic diseases. Methods A multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method was adopted to select 100 villages from 50 townships in 5 districts/counties in Zigong city,Sichuan province. General and internal medicine practioners who were on duty on the survey day were enrolled in the survey.Two rounds of data collection were conducted.In the first round,the basic information of providers from township health centers and village clinics was collected.One month after the the first survey,standardized patients were used to collect the information related to the diagnosis of unstable angina pectoris and type 2 diabetes by rural primary providers.Logistic regression was carried out to analyze the factors influencing the diagnosis accuracy. Results A total of 172 rural primary healthcare providers were enrolled in the survey,who completed 186 standardized patient visits and showed the correct diagnosis rate of 48.39%.Specifically,the correct diagnosis rates of unstable angina pectoris and type 2 diabetes were 18.68%(17/91) and 76.84%(73/95),respectively.The providers with medical practitioner qualifications were more likely to make correct diagnosis(OR=4.857,95%CI=1.076-21.933, P=0.040).The providers who involved more necessary consultation and examination items in the diagnosis process had higher probability of correct diagnosis(OR=1.627,95%CI=1.065-2.485, P=0.024).Additionally,the providers were more likely to make a correct diagnosis for type 2 diabetes than for unstable angina pectoris(OR=6.306,95%CI=3.611-11.013, P<0.001). Conclusions The overall diagnosis accuracy of unstable angina pectoris and type 2 diabetes was relatively low among primary healthcare providers in Sichuan rural areas.The training of diagnosis process can be taken as a key for improving providers' practice ability so as to increase the diagnosis accuracy of chronic diseases.

Psychological Status and Influencing Factors of Staff at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Sichuan Province during the Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To assess the psychological status of staff at the centers for disease control and prevention(CDC) in Sichuan during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) and explore the influencing factors. Methods The staff at Sichuan provincial,municipal,and county(district)-level CDC were selected by convenience sampling.Their basic information,work status,training status,work difficulties,and support from the work group were collected from the self-filled questionnaires online.The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale and the 9-question Patient Health Questionnaire were respectively employed to measure the anxiety and depression of the staff.The stepwise Logistic regression was carried out to analyze the influencing factors of anxiety and depression in CDC staff. Results Among the 653 staff,58.35% and 50.06% presented anxiety and depression,respectively.The regression results showed that age(OR=0.95,95%CI=0.92-0.97) and mental support from the work group(OR=0.61,95%CI=0.45-0.82) were the protective factors while physical fatigue(OR=1.82,95%CI=1.20-2.74),work pressure(OR=1.61,95%CI=1.21-2.12),and insufficient protective equipment(OR=1.92,95%CI=1.06-3.49) were the risk factors for depression of CDC staff.Age(OR=0.97,95%CI=0.94-0.99),length of sleep per day(OR=0.74,95%CI=0.56-0.96),and participation in technical training(OR=0.33,95%CI=0.12-0.95) were the protective factors while mental fatigue(OR=1.68,95%CI=1.18-2.41),work pressure(OR=2.94,95%CI=2.08-4.17),and unclear incentive system for overtime(OR=1.99,95%CI=1.23-3.23) were the risk factors for the anxiety of CDC staff. Conclusion The anxiety and depression status of CDC staff during the COVID-19 outbreak were worrying,which were mainly affected by age,sleep,supply of protective equipment,incentive system,fatigue,and work pressure.

Effect of 12 week aerobic exercise on microcirculation function of sedentary college students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the effects of different doses of aerobic exercise on the microvascular function of habitually sedentary college students.@*Methods@#A total of 69 students from Hubei Minzu University were recruited and divided into sports group A, sports group B and control group, with 23 students in each group (12 boys and 11 girls). The exercise group received 12 weeks of aerobic exercise intervention, in which group A exercised 1-2 times a week, group B exercised≥3 times a week, and the control group did not carry out any systematic sports. Microvascular response, Transcutaneous partial pressure of oxygen(TcpO 2), Nitric oxide, Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and En dothelin-1 (ET-1) were measured before and after the test.@*Results@#After the test, the microvascular reactivity showed group and time interaction( P <0.01), in which exercise group B was greater than that of control group and exercise group A ( P <0.01). There was no significant difference between exercise group A and control group ( P >0.05), but the percutaneous partial pressure of oxygen ( P =0.53) had no time interaction with other groups; NO( F =6.32) and NOS( F =7.91) had group and time interaction, in which exercise group B was greater than control group and exercise group A ( P <0.01), and there was no significant difference between exercise group A and control group ( P >0.05).@*Conclusion@#There is a "dose effect" relationship between aerobic exercise and microcirculatory blood perfusion and endogenous NO. Continuous aerobic exercise ≥3 times a week for 12 weeks improved microcirculatory blood perfusion and promoted endogenous NO production in sedentary college students, but doing aerobic exercise for 1-2 times a week had no significant effect on microcirculatory blood perfusion and endogenous NO.

Curcumin targets vascular endothelial growth factor viaactivating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and improves brainhypoxic-ischemic injury in neonatal rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of curcumin on brain hypoxicischemic(HI) damage in neonatal rats and whether the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/Akt/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway is involved.Brain HI damage models were established in neonatal rats, which received the followingtreatments: curcumin by intraperitoneal injection before injury, insulin-likegrowth factor 1 (IGF-1) by subcutaneous injection after injury, and VEGF by intracerebroventricularinjection after injury. This was followed by neurological evaluation,hemodynamic measurements, histopathological assessment, TUNEL assay,flow cytometry, and western blotting to assess the expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt,Akt, and VEGF. Compared with rats that underwent sham operation, rats with brainHI damage showed remarkably increased neurological deficits, reduced right bloodflow volume, elevated blood viscosity and haematocrit, and aggravated cell damageand apoptosis; these injuries were significantly improved by curcumin pretreatment.Meanwhile, brain HI damage induced the overexpression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and VEGF,while curcumin pretreatment inhibited the expression of these proteins. In addition,IGF-1 treatment rescued the curcumin-induced down-regulated expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and VEGF, and VEGF overexpression counteracted the inhibitory effectof curcumin on brain HI damage. Overall, pretreatment with curcumin protectedagainst brain HI damage by targeting VEGF via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway inneonatal rats.

Curcumin targets vascular endothelial growth factor viaactivating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and improves brainhypoxic-ischemic injury in neonatal rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of curcumin on brain hypoxicischemic(HI) damage in neonatal rats and whether the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/Akt/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway is involved.Brain HI damage models were established in neonatal rats, which received the followingtreatments: curcumin by intraperitoneal injection before injury, insulin-likegrowth factor 1 (IGF-1) by subcutaneous injection after injury, and VEGF by intracerebroventricularinjection after injury. This was followed by neurological evaluation,hemodynamic measurements, histopathological assessment, TUNEL assay,flow cytometry, and western blotting to assess the expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt,Akt, and VEGF. Compared with rats that underwent sham operation, rats with brainHI damage showed remarkably increased neurological deficits, reduced right bloodflow volume, elevated blood viscosity and haematocrit, and aggravated cell damageand apoptosis; these injuries were significantly improved by curcumin pretreatment.Meanwhile, brain HI damage induced the overexpression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and VEGF,while curcumin pretreatment inhibited the expression of these proteins. In addition,IGF-1 treatment rescued the curcumin-induced down-regulated expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and VEGF, and VEGF overexpression counteracted the inhibitory effectof curcumin on brain HI damage. Overall, pretreatment with curcumin protectedagainst brain HI damage by targeting VEGF via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway inneonatal rats.

A study on the association between the infant anemia and the utilization of maternal and child health services in ethnic minorities gathering in poverty-stricken rural areas of two provinces in Western China / 中华预防医学杂志

In this study, 1 065 infants and young children aged 24 months below in ethnic minorities gathering in poor rural areas in poor rural areas of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province and Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province were investigated for their anemia status from October to November 2014, and the association between anemia and the utilization of maternal and child health services was analyzed. The prevalence of anemia in this area was 52.68%(561/1 065). After the adjustment of socio-demographic characteristics of mothers and infants, compared with infants aged 2-5 months, Han ethnic group, and infants whose mother was not anemic, the OR(95%CI) values of infant anemia for infants aged 6-12 months, 13-8 months, 19-24 months, ethnic minorities group, and infants whose mother was anemic were 11.65 (7.09-19.14), 9.91 (5.99-16.38), 5.87 (3.39-10.16), 1.55 (1.10-2.18) and 1.52 (1.14-2.04), respectively; Compared with infants whose child examination times not up to standard, and who were not only non-hospital delivered but also received inadequate number of inoculation, the OR (95%CI) values of infant anemia for infants whose child examination times up to standard, and who were not only hospital delivered but also received adequate number of inoculation were 0.60 (0.38-0.94) and 0.71 (0.52-0.98), respectively. The infants anemia is associated with the utilization of maternal and child health services.

Prevalence and genotyping of Enterocytoon bieneusi in farmed black goats from Hainan Province, the southernmost part of China

Objective: To investigate the infection rate and genotype distribution of Enterocytoon (E.) bieneusi in farmed black goats from the Hainan Province, China. Methods: A total of 341 fresh fecal samples were collected from black goats farmed in five different locations of the Hainan Province, China. E. bieneusi was examined and genotyped through PCR and sequencing analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of this pathogen. Results: The average prevalence of E. bieneusi in black goats from from the five locations was 24.0% (82/341) ranging from 6.3% (4/63) to 37.2% (32/86) (χ2 =17.252, P<0.01). The detected 82 E. bieneusi isolates belonged to eight ITS genotypes including six known genotypes (AHG1, CHG2, CHG3, CHG5, CM21 and D) and two novel genotypes (HNG-Iand HNG-II). Amongst the genotypes, CHG5 was the the most prevalent with a prevalence of 57.3% (47/82), followed by CHG3 (28.0%, 23/82), CHG2 (4.9%, 4/82), CM21 (3.7%, 3/82), D (2.4%, 2/82), AHG1 (1.2%, 1/82), HNG-I(1.2%, 1/82) and HNG-II(1.2%, 1/82). In those genotypes, only genotype D was found in humans previously. Conclusions: This represents the first report identifying E. bieneusi in black goats from Hainan Province of China. The results indicate that E. bieneusi has a high prevalence and a wide distribution in those animals from Hainan Province, but the risk of zoonotic transmission of E. bieneusi from them to human is low.

Soil-transmitted nematode infections and influencing factors in pupils from rural areas of Yi Ethnicity in Butuo County, Sichuan Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the current situation of soil-transmitted nematode infections and influencing factors of pupils in rural areas of Yi Ethnicity in Butuo County, Sichuan Province, so as to provide the evidence for the prevention and control of soil-transmitted nematode infections. Methods In 2016, the pupils of 2 villages in Butuo County were selected by the multi-stage random sampling method, and the relevant information was obtained by questionnaires, including social demographic information, diet and hygiene habits and acknowledge of parasitic disease prevention. The soil-transmitted nematode infections were examined by Kato-Katz technique. The results were statistically analyzed by the single factor analysis and multivariate logistic regression methods. Results A total of 160 pupils were investigated in this survey. The soil-transmitted nematodes included Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm. The overall infection rate was 89.38%, and the multi-infection rate was 54.55%. The infection rates of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura were higher. The infection densities were mild (75.68%) or moderate (22.97%). The logistic regression analysis showed that the protective factor of soil-transmitted nematode infections was the knowledge about correct diet and health habits notified by teachers (OR = 0.67), but the risk factor was drinking unboiled water (OR = 19.26). Conclusions The infection rate of nematodes is still high in the pupils in rural areas of Yi Ethnicity in Butuo County, Sichuan Province. Therefore, we should strengthen the prevention and control of soil-transmitted nematode infections, especially A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections, and mostly develop the teachers’function in health education.

Soil-transmitted nematode infections and influencing factors in pupils from rural areas of Yi Ethnicity in Butuo County, Sichuan Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the current situation of soil-transmitted nematode infections and influencing factors of pupils in rural areas of Yi Ethnicity in Butuo County, Sichuan Province, so as to provide the evidence for the prevention and control of soil-transmitted nematode infections. Methods In 2016, the pupils of 2 villages in Butuo County were selected by the multi-stage random sampling method, and the relevant information was obtained by questionnaires, including social demographic information, diet and hygiene habits and acknowledge of parasitic disease prevention. The soil-transmitted nematode infections were examined by Kato-Katz technique. The results were statistically analyzed by the single factor analysis and multivariate logistic regression methods. Results A total of 160 pupils were investigated in this survey. The soil-transmitted nematodes included Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm. The overall infection rate was 89.38%, and the multi-infection rate was 54.55%. The infection rates of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura were higher. The infection densities were mild (75.68%) or moderate (22.97%). The logistic regression analysis showed that the protective factor of soil-transmitted nematode infections was the knowledge about correct diet and health habits notified by teachers (OR = 0.67), but the risk factor was drinking unboiled water (OR = 19.26). Conclusions The infection rate of nematodes is still high in the pupils in rural areas of Yi Ethnicity in Butuo County, Sichuan Province. Therefore, we should strengthen the prevention and control of soil-transmitted nematode infections, especially A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections, and mostly develop the teachers’function in health education.

Application of the Nivolumab in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Lung cancer has the highest morbidity and mortality among malignant tumors in our country.The treatment researches related to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy are the research hotspots in recent years.Nivolumab is the first programmed death-1 (PD-1)inhibitor which is allowed to enter clinical trials,and it is also the first approved drug for tumor immunotherapy in China.In June 2018,Nivolumab injection was marketed in China,and it was used in the second-line treatment for the patients with advanced NSCLC,opened up a new era of the lung cancer treatment in our country.Review the clinical research related to the Nivolumab and NSCLC,summarizing usage,dosage,adverse reactions,will provide a help for clinical application,bring more benefits for patients at the same time.

Impact of the neglected Cysticercus cellulose infection on mental health among school-aged children in Tibetan agricultural areas / 中南大学学报(医学版)

To determine the impact of Cysticercus cellulose (C. cellulose) infection on mental health among school-aged children in Tibetan agricultural areas of Sichuan Province.
 Methods: In October 2015, all primary schools located in Tibetan agricultural areas in Yajiang, Ruoergai, and Muli county of Sichuan Province were selected as the research sites. All school-aged children at five- and six-grade were enrolled for the study by a multistage stratified cluster sampling method. Antibodies against C. cellulose were detected. Mental Health Test and questionnaire survey were conducted for school-aged children to collect data. The impact of C. cellulose infection on mental health among school-aged children was analyzed with the multilevel linear regression.
 Results: A total of 2 453 school-aged children were investigated. The C. cellulose seropositive rate was 6.03% (148/2 453). There were 0.16% (4/2 453) patients with seropositive accompanied by seizure, 2.28% (56/2 453) with seropositive accompanied by headache, 2.08% (51/2 453) with seropositive accompanied by frequent weak, and 0.41% (10/2 453) were seropositive accompanied by frequent nausea. The rate of C. cellulose infection was 4.53% (111/2 453). The mean score of the mental health test was 6.59±2.61. There were significant difference in score of mental health test in children whose demographic characteristics were different. The mental health scores of school-aged children were clustered at the school level. After controlling the factors of demographic characteristics, the result of multilevel model demonstrated that the factor of school-aged children with C. cellulose seropositive accompanied by headache was statistically significant (β=1.14, P=0.017).
 Conclusion: The status of C. cellulose infection among school-aged children in Tibetan agricultural areas is not optimistic. C. cellulose infection has impacted on mental health of local school-aged children. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of C. cellulose infection in epidemic area.

Optimal Monochromatic Imaging of Spectral Computed Tomography Potentially Improves the Quality of Hepatic Vascular Imaging

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficiency of spectral computed tomography (CT) optimal monochromatic images in improving imaging quality of liver vessels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The imaging data of 35 patients with abdominal CT angiography were retrospectively analyzed. Hepatic arteries, portal veins, and hepatic veins were reconstructed with mixed energy (quality check, QC), 70 keV and optimal monochromatic mode. Comparative parameters were analyzed including CT value, image noise (IN), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and subjective qualitative analysis. RESULTS: The optimal monochromatic value for assessment of the common hepatic artery, portal vein, and hepatic vein ranged between 49 keV and 53 keV, with a mean of 51 keV. There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) among the optimal monochromatic, 70 keV and QC images with regards to the hepatic vascular CT value, IN, CNR, SNR, and subjective qualitative score. CNR of the common hepatic artery in the optimal monochromatic, 70 keV and QC groups was 24.6 ± 10.9, 18.1 ± 8.3, and 11.6 ± 4.6, respectively (p < 0.001) with subjective scores of 4.7 ± 0.2, 4.0 ± 0.3, and 3.6 ± 0.4, respectively (p < 0.001). CNR of the hepatic portal vein was 6.9 ± 2.7, 4.3 ± 1.9, and 3.0 ± 2.1, respectively (p < 0.001) with subjective scores of 4.5 ± 0.3, 3.9 ± 0.4, and 3.3 ± 0.3, respectively (p < 0.001). CNR of the hepatic vein was 5.7 ± 2.3, 4.2 ± 1.9, and 2.7 ± 1.4, respectively with subjective scores of 4.3 ± 0.3, 3.8 ± 0.4, and 3.2 ± 0.3, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Optimal monochromatic images can lead to improvement in the imaging parameters and optimization of the image quality of the common hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and hepatic vein compared with conventional mixed kV and with 70 keV datasets.

Viral metagenomics analysis of poultry faeces in live poultry market, Haikou, China

Objective:To conduct in-depth study of the distribution and diversity of viruses in poultry is of great importance in monitoring the emergence of interspecies transmission of novel viruses that may cause epidemics with public health significance. Poultry is an economically important source of meat, eggs and feathers which plays an important role as natural reservoirs of many pathogenic viruses. Compared with wild animals, poultry have more frequent interactions and therefore opportunities to transmit their viruses to human.Methods:To study the viromes of different types of poultry in Hainan, China, we used metagenomics for deep viral nucleic acid sequencing of the faecal samples collected from chickens, ducks and pigeons from a live poultry market in Haikou.Result:The poultry viromes were identified by sequence similarity comparisons of viral reads (BLASTxE score, <5) against viral reference database. A total of 15 309 viral reads were obtained, approximately 13 063, 1 370 and 876 viral reads were generated from the chicken, duck, pigeon faecal samples, respectively. The majority of the sequences were homologous to the animal virus of Adenoviridae, Herpeaviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, Circoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Picornaviridae, and Orthomyxoviridae. The VP4 and VP7 segments of a pigeon rotavirus, similar to fox rotavirus in group A, were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. The near full genome of a pigeon circovirus was also analyzed.Conclusion:The major types of poultry in a Haikou harbor many different families of viruses in their feces which may have the potential for interspecies transmissions. Further studies should be conducted to identify the most prevalent and important viruses among a larger number of poultry in Haikou and other areas in Hainan.

Complete genome sequence of a rodent torque teno virus in Hainan Island, China

Objective:Torque teno virus(TTV), are reported in a wide range of mammals. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete genome of a genetic variant of Rodent TTV, RoTTV3-HMU1 (Hainan Medical University). The virus was harbored by a Rattus norvegicus in the residential areas of Hainan Island, China.Methods:Torque Teno virus (TTV) was found widely distributed throughout the world infecting an extensively wide range of mammals .We extracted the viral DNA from a Rattus norvegicus liver which was caught from the residential areas of Hainan Island. Purifying the amplicons in the range of 250-500 bp. Then Five hundred nanograms DNA was subjected to high-throughput sequencing. The contigs were compared with the NCBI nucleiotide database, designed the primers to cover the genome by PCR amplification and amplicons of each PCR which have been cloned and sequenced. Finally the genome was annotated by using NCBI ORF finder and FGENESV0. Phylogenetic analysis was implemented by the neighbor-joining method in the MEGA6 software package.Results:We sequenced the complete genome of a genetic variant of Rodent TTV, RoTTV3- HMU1. The genomic sequence of RoTTV3-HMU1 has been deposited in GenBank under accession number MF688246.1. The complete genome of RoTTV3-HMU1 is 2 570 nucleotides (nt) in length with a G+C content of 46.93%. RoTTV3-HMU1 encoded 3 unidirectional overlapping open reading frames (ORF). Sequence analysis indicated that the genome of RoTTV3-HMU1 virus was most closely related to RN_2_15 (GenBank accession no. KM668486.1). Phylogenetic analysis based on both ORF1 and the total genome sequence placed RoTTV3-HMU1 in to the clad RoTTV3 of the RoTTV.Conclusions:Hainan Island faces mainland across the sea, however, the same genotype of RoTTV was identified in both Hainan Island and the other part of China. The detection of RoTTV3-HMU1 contributed to a better understanding about the origin and evolution of RoTTV.

Occurrence and molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi among long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Hainan Province: High genetic diversity and zoonotic potential

Objective:Microsporidia have been rapidly emerging as pathogens in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent humans. Enterocytozoon bieneusi (E. bieneusi) is the most common microsporidial species found in human. E. bieneusi has also been found in a wide range of animals and is considered to be a potentially important zoonotic pathogen. The epidemiological and genetic characterization of E. bieneusi among long-tailed macaques [Macaca fascicularis (M. fascicularis) is not fully understood. Here, we conducted the first molecular epidemiological investigation of E. bieneusi among M. fascicularis in Hainan Province, the southernmost part of China.Methods:A total of 193 fecal specimens of M. fascicularis were collected from a breeding base housing non-human primates for experimental use in Hainan Province, China. E. bieneusi was identified and genotyped by nested PCR analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by constructing a neighboring-joining tree of the ITS gene sequences using MEGA6.Results:A total of 59 (30.6%) of the M. fascicularis were PCR-positive for E. bieneusi. All 59 samples were sequenced successfully and 16 ITS genotypes were identified. These included nine known genotypes: Type IV (n=19), D (n=11), CM1 (n=8), PigEBITS7 (n=4), Pongo2 (n=4), Peru 8 (n=3), Peru11 (n=1), WL21 (n=1) and CM2 (n=1). Additionally, seven novel genotypes named as HNM-I to HNM-VII (one each) were identified. Importantly, genotypes D, Type IV, Peru8, PigEBITS7, and Peru11, which were the predominant (38/59, 64.4%) genotypes identified among M. fascicularis in this study, are also well-known human-pathogenic genotypes. All the genotypes of E. bieneusi identified in this study, including the seven novel ones, belonged to zoonotic group 1.Conclusions:This is the first report of the identification of E. bieneusi in M. fascicularis in Hainan Province, China. The findings of numerous known human-pathogenic types and seven novel genotypes (HNM-I to HNM-VII) of E. bieneusi all belong to zoonotic group 1 indicate the possibility of transmission of this important pathogenic parasite between M. fascicularis and humans.

Effects of Respiratory Training on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Patients with Basal Ganglia Infarction / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To investigate the effect of respiratory training on sleep breathing parameters in cerebral infarction patients complicated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS). Methods From March 1st,2016 to August 30th,2017,60 young and middle-aged patients with cerebral infarction in bas-al ganglia complicated with OSAS in Wenzhou Hospital were divided into control group and respiratory training group with 30 cases in each group.All subjects underwent clinical data registration,and received conventional treatment and rehabilitation.The respiratory training group accepted manual respiratory training in addition,once a day,five times a week,for eight weeks.Before and after treatment,they were monitored to access apnea-hypop-nea index(AHI),maximum oral pressure,average oxyhemoglobin saturation(SaO2),the lowest SaO2,the oxygen desaturation index,duration of lowest SaO2,and time percentages of SaO2<90% and<80%. Results After treatment,the AHI,the maximum oral pressure,the average SaO2,the lowest SaO2and the time percentage of SaO2<90% were better in the respiratory training group than in the control group(t>3.086,P<0.01). Conclusion Respiratory training could improve the respiratory function, reduce the airway resistance, and relieve the nocturnal sleep apnea symptom. It may be one of the rehabilitation methods for brain injury complicated with OSAS.

Comparason of the clinical efficacy of different gingival retraction methods / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the effects of 4 gingival retraction methods. Methods: 48 premolars were selected from 12 periodontal healthy volunteers and were randomly divided into 4 groups(n = 12 teeth) and treated with different gingival retraction methods: Ultrapak E(group UL) and three kinds of cordless gingival retraction, including Expasy1 (group EX), Astringent Retraction Paste (group AS) and Racegel(group RA). Perfusing plaster models were prapaired after useing putty-wash impression technique. A 3D digital model was reconstructed by a 3-shape model scanner for each patient. Data were collected before and after gingival retraction and analysed by the Geomagic Studio 2013 in the mesial, middle, and distal sides of the selected teeth. Results: Effective width of gingival retraction were all obtained in the 4 groups. The most effective effects were observed in group UL, followed by group EX, group AS and group RA, among the groups, F = 1 114. 4, P＜ 0. 000 1. Conclusion: Cordless gingival retraction technic can achieve effective gingival retraction.